PFAS, or per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, are a group of synthetic chemicals that have gained notoriety due to their persistence in the environment and potential health risks. Commonly referred to as “forever chemicals,” PFAS have been used in a wide range of applications, from non-stick cookware to water-resistant fabrics. However, their slow breakdown and widespread prevalence make them a unique water-quality concern.
In this post, we’ll explore the impact of PFAS on our tap water, the challenges in detecting and treating them, and the steps being taken to address this issue.
The USGS Study: A Wake-Up Call
A recent study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) revealed alarming findings: at least 45% of the nation’s tap water contains one or more types of PFAS1. The study tested for the presence of 32 specific PFAS compounds in both private wells and government-regulated public water supplies across the country. This comprehensive research marked the first time anyone had compared PFAS levels in tap water on such a broad scale.
The Persistence of “Forever Chemicals”
Why are PFAS called “forever chemicals”? Their slow degradation in the environment contributes to their persistence. Once released, PFAS remains in soil, water, and even our bodies for extended periods. This longevity poses health risks, as high concentrations of certain PFAS have been linked to adverse effects in humans.
Health Risks and Regulation
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recognizes the potential health risks associated with PFAS exposure. While research is ongoing, evidence suggests that PFAS exposure may lead to health issues such as cancer, liver damage, and developmental problems. As a result, the EPA has set guidelines for safe PFAS levels in drinking water.
These regulations include safety standards for six individual PFAS, including PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, HFPO-DA (GenX), and PFBS. This is the first time that drinking water standards have been finalized for a new chemical under the Safe Drinking Water Act since it was updated in 1996. The finalized standards are as follows:
- 4 parts per trillion for PFOA
- 4 parts per trillion for PFOS
- A standard based on the hazard of a mixture of four PFAS chemicals: PFNA, PFHxS, PFBS, and HFPO-DA (commonly known as Gen X)
- 10 parts per trillion for PFNA
- 10 parts per trillion for PFHxS
- 10 parts per trillion for HFPO-DA
Through these guidelines, the EPA is acknowledging that essentially no amount of PFAS are safe, for these are the lowest possible levels of detection with modern technology.
Along with establishing guidelines, in April 2024 the EPA announced a $1 billion investment through the Infrastructure Law to help states implement PFAS testing and treatment at public water systems. This is part of a larger $9 billion investment through the Infrastructure Law to help communities with drinking water impacted by PFAS and other emerging contaminants.
Timeline for Regulation Compliance
Water systems have three years to complete the initial monitoring (by 2027), and five years to implement solutions to reduce PFAS if they exceed the aforementioned detection levels (by 2029). The EPA estimates that roughly 10% (4,100 to 6,700 of the 66,000 total) public drinking water systems will have to take action to meet the new standards, though we won’t know the true number until the detection systems are all in place.
Public vs. Private Supplies
The study found that PFAS concentrations were similar between public water supplies and private wells. Public water supplies are regulated by the EPA, while homeowners are responsible for maintaining and testing private wells. If you rely on a private well, consider testing it for PFAS to ensure your water’s safety.
Treatment and Prevention
Treating PFAS-contaminated water is challenging due to their persistence. Some water providers use activated carbon filters to remove PFAS, but these methods can be costly. Prevention is equally crucial. States like Michigan have invested millions of dollars in limiting PFAS exposure, but more needs to be done nationwide.
At FloWater, our advanced filtration provides the cleanest drinking water available, free of contaminants including PFAS. Our Refill Stations allow businesses, schools, homes and event spaces to offer clean, advanced hydration.
Conclusion
As we continue to learn about PFAS and their impact on our health, it’s essential to stay informed and advocate for safe drinking water. Regular testing, awareness, and responsible management are key to addressing the presence of “forever chemicals” in our tap water.
We’ll continue to write about important water information and news here at FloWater– be sure to check back often!
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